Exploration of happiness as a complex construct of human well-being: a systematic review

Abstract

Happiness, understood as a complex construct of human well-being, has been the subject of multiple theoretical and methodological approaches from disciplines such as psychology, philosophy, sociology, and, more recently, neuroscience. This systemic review aims to explore happiness as a complex construct of human well-being and to analyze its constitutive dimensions from a holistic perspective, integrating subjective, objective, individual, and contextual factors that influence its configuration. Based on the analysis of scientific literature published over the past ten years, three predominant approaches are identified: the hedonic, focused on pleasure and life satisfaction; the eudaimonic, which emphasizes meaning, purpose, and self-realization; and the biopsychosocial, which articulates neurophysiological, emotional, and sociocultural variables. The findings reveal a growing trend toward integrative models that acknowledge the dynamic, situational, and culturally mediated nature of happiness. Likewise, there is increasing interest in operationalizing happiness as an indicator of sustainable human development, both in public policy and in organizational interventions. This review highlights the importance of considering the interaction between internal factors—such as resilience, emotional intelligence, and self-perception—and external factors—such as interpersonal relationships, social equity, and the physical environment. In conclusion, happiness cannot be reduced to a transient emotional state; rather, it must be understood as a multidimensional and evolving experience, subject to transformations throughout the life cycle and influenced by structural and cultural variables. Further transdisciplinary research is recommended to deepen the understanding of this complexity and improve its practical application.